MySQL supports three categories of data types: string, numeric and date/time data types.
String data types are normally used to store names, addresses, descriptions or any value that contains letters and numbers including binary data, like image or audio files.
The CHAR data type allows you to store fixed-length strings with a maximum size of 255 characters. Whereas the VARCHAR data type allows you to store variable-length strings with a maximum size of 65,535 characters (it was limited to 255 characters prior to MySQL 5.0.3).
The CHAR and VARCHAR data types are declared with a length that indicates the maximum number of characters you want to store. For example, CHAR(5) can hold up to 5 characters.
The main difference between the CHAR and VARCHAR data type is the way they stores the data. When values are stored in a CHAR column, they are right-padded with spaces to the specified length, but in VARCHAR column values are not padded when they are stored. This means if you store the value 'ab' in a CHAR(4) column the value will be stored as 'ab ', whereas the same value will be stored in VARCHAR(4) column as 'ab'.
The BINARY and VARBINARY types are similar to CHAR and VARCHAR, except that they contain binary strings rather than nonbinary string. The permissible maximum length is the same for BINARY and VARBINARY as it is for CHAR and VARCHAR, except that the length for BINARY and VARBINARY is a length in bytes rather than in characters.
The TEXT and BLOB data types are specifically made to hold large sets of data. The TEXT data type is used to to store long string of text like descriptions, blog comments, etc.
A BLOB is a binary large object that can hold a variable amount of data. It is especially useful when you need to store binary media files in the database, such as images or audio files.
The four BLOB types are TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, and LONGBLOB. These differ only in the maximum length of the values they can hold. Similary, the four TEXT types are TINYTEXT, TEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, and LONGTEXT. These correspond to the four BLOB types and have the same maximum lengths and storage requirements.
The following table lists the MySQL string data types that come in pairs. The maximum length is in bytes, whether the type is binary or nonbinary.
The ENUM data type allows you to specify a list of possible values that can be stored in a column. For example, a column specified as gender ENUM('male', 'female') NOT NULL can have any of these values: '', 'male' or 'female'. You can specify up to a maximum of 65,535 distinct values in an ENUM list. If you insert an invalid value into an ENUM column i.e. a string which is not present in the list of permitted values, the empty string will be inserted.
The SET data type allows you to specify a list of values to be inserted in the column, like ENUM. But, unlike the ENUM data type, which lets you choose only one value, the SET data type allows you to choose multiple values from the list of specified values.
For example, a column specified as option SET('one', 'two') NOT NULL can store any of these values: '', 'one', 'two' or 'one,two'. Multiple values separated by commas (,). For a SET data type, you can specify up to 64 distinct values.
The DECIMAL and NUMERIC data types are used to store exact numeric values. These data types are also known as "Fixed-Point" or "Exact Value" Types and typically used when it is important to preserve exact precision, for example storing the monetary data like product price. In MySQL, NUMERIC is implemented as DECIMAL.
When declaring a DECIMAL or NUMERIC column, the precision and scale can be specified, like DECIMAL(P,S) or NUMERIC(P,S), where P is the precision and S is the scale. The precision specifies the maximum number of digits (including the digits after the decimal point) that can be stored in the column, whereas the scale represents the number of digits that can be stored after the decimal point. For example, the price DECIMAL(6,2) column can store any value with six digits and two decimals i.e. in the range from -9999.99 to 9999.99.
The FLOAT and DOUBLE types represent approximate numeric data values. That's why these data types are also known as "Floating-Point" or "Approximate Value" types
MySQL support syntax: FLOAT(M,D) or DOUBLE PRECISION(M,D). Here, (M,D) means than values can be stored with up to M digits in total, of which D digits may be after the decimal point. For example, a column defined as FLOAT(7,3) will look like -9999.999 when displayed. MySQL performs rounding when storing values, so if you insert 9999.0009 into a FLOAT(7,3) column, the approximate result is 9999.001.
Date and Time data types are normally used to store data like date of birth, hiring date, date and time when a record is created or updated inside table, etc.
The DATE data type is used to store a date. MySQL stores and retrieves DATE values in 'YYYY-MM-DD' format, where YYYY, MM, and DD are the year, month, and day parts of the time. The supported range is '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'.
The TIME data type can be used to store time-of-day or a time interval. MySQL stores and retrieves TIME values in 'HH:MM:SS' format, where HH, MM, and SS are the hours, minutes, and seconds parts of the time (or 'HHH:MM:SS' format for large hours values). The supported range for TIME values is '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59'.
The hours part may be large because in MySQL the TIME type can be used not only to store a time of day (which must be less than 24 hours), but also elapsed time or a time interval between two events (which may be much greater than 24 hours, or even negative).
The DATETIME and TIMESTAMP data types are used to store combined date-and-time values in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' format. These data types are typically used to store data like date and time when an order is dispatched, when a row is created or modified inside a table, etc.
Both data types are similar in many respects, but there are some differences — The supported range for DATETIME is '1000-01-01 00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'. Whereas, the TIMESTAMP has a range of '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-19 03:14:07' UTC.
Also TIMESTAMP and DATETIME have special auto-initialization and auto-update properties, but these properties are not available for DATETIMEM before MySQL 5.6.5.
The YEAR data type is used to store a four digit year value in YYYY format.
It can be declared either as YEAR or YEAR(4). The supported range for YEAR values is 1901 to 2155. Invalid YEAR values are converted to 0000.